The Military Crisis Of The Roman Empire - 1125 Words

Before the military crisis of the Third Century of the Roman Empire, the armies were under proper recruitment, training and deployment. They even had armories different from the rest. The Roman army was divided into two groups with various functions, which had the overall element of defense. Frontier troops were in charge of the borders, while the mobile field forces were overseeing towns and cities. Frontier troops fought against weak threats like raiding along the border and prevented major attacks while buying time for the intervention of mobile field forces. The mobile field forces responded and stopped the invaders trying to enter the Roman territory. The Roman Empire was a stable state that ran for almost 500 years as a superpower. Historians tell of various reasons that led to the crumbling and collapse of the empire. Some of them are: a. Barbarian Tribes Invasions. For a long time, Rome had conflicts with Germanic tribes such as the Goths. The Romans had overcome several German uprisings, and then later the threat and fear was gone. The military loss to the outside forces was one of the straightforward theories. b. Economic Troubles and Slave Labor. Internal forces such as a financial crisis also had a position to play in the breakdown of the state. The empire battled constant wars that resulted in overspending; in exchange, the government exercised cruel taxation resulting in inflation. Rome also depended on slaves as their workforce in tilling its fields andShow MoreRelatedEssay on His 112/ the Crisis of the Third Century1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Crisis of the Third Century His/112 September 2 2011 The Crisis of the Third Century The Crisis of the Third Century was the era in which the Roman Empire almost collapsed under the many myriad of pressures including economic depression, civil war, plague and invasion. 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What fast fashion is, and to know which factor influence fast fashion Free Essays

Introduction In the past decade fast fashion has become the main feature fashion industry in UK. (liz Barnes, Gaynor Lea-Greenwood, 2010 ) ‘Fast fashion’, as it has come to be called, it has become rising popular among retailers already. So lots of chain stores adopt business model of the vertically integrated, this idea originally comes up from the ‘Just-in-time’ manufacturing philosophy and generating rapid-response strategies (Birtwistle et al. We will write a custom essay sample on What fast fashion is, and to know which factor influence fast fashion? or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2003) Excellence in the development of fast fashion retailers can be attributed thanks to the high means of buy from consumer behavior, which is more fashion-hungry. (Constanta and Grete, 2010) This proposal investigates from the consumer perspective which factor attracts the consumer in the fast fashion clothing purchase. So, in the research, it will investigate the consumer behavior of fast fashion. Then, it will reveal the reason why consumer buys their clothes, which of the 2 brands is more popular and explore also the interest of the consumer. Finally the proposal will let the reader knows which factor leads the consumer to buy or not, fast fashion in both brand of products. Chapter 1. Literature review 1.1 Chapter summary The purpose of this chapter is to know what fast fashion is, and to know which factor influence fast fashion. 1.2 Background of fast fashion Fast fashion is an idea in mind that retailers of targeting business strategies to reduce product of fashion into the store, and working in a system for a buy-season when product ranges are constantly updated through the season. (Doyle et al, 2006; Sull and Turconi, 2008) Fast fashion means that there between the time scale of a new fashion trend and time spent for the company to respond of trend exists with product sold in the market. (Michael, 2006) To defining fast fashion is ‘a business strategy which aims to reduce the processes involved in the buying cycle and lead times for getting new fashion product into stores, in order to satisfy consumer demand at its peak’ (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood, 2006, p.259) Otherwise, the reason for the significant increase of fashion apparel market, can be explained due to high demand since recent years for cheap fashion. Indeed, fast fashion has won some market share and it represents now like a fifth of total in UK clothing marketing (Defra, 2008a). This phenomenon has led consumers to buy and processing of growing batch of clothing. In the UK, more than one billion kilograms of textiles send to landfills each year. (Waste Online, 2008). Fast fashion retailers used to respond to market time in a very short time: they just need few weeks, compare to the traditional industry which usually needs six month. (Sull and Turconi, 2008) The basic of fast fashion principle is to shorten lead time and obtain products from concept to consumer. (Bames and Lea-Greenwood, 2006; Sull and Turconi, 2008) An example of fast fashion retailers: HM, ZARA, New Look and Top shop etc. It has launched a newline average two or three weeks for a very low price. Thereby raise sales via impulse buying. (Constanaza and Grete, 2010) In Europe the fast fashion is dealing with the service of the youth and young adult women who desire stylish, short, and relatively cheap clothes, and who are willing to buy small retail shops and boutiques. (Nagurney and Min Yu, 2010) According to the apparel marketing and literature, in general fashion leader are often young consumers. (Mason and Bellenger, 1974; Gutman and Mills, 1982; Horridge and Richards, 1984; Goldsmith et al., 1991). The reason of this, is that young consumers have courage and are interested in trying new style and new fashion. At the same time, new fashion always starts in young consumer. (Ka Ming, Zhi-Ming and Chung-Sun, 2004). Fashion apparel sales grew steadily and competitiveness in the traditional British Fashion Market. It increased 21.4% from 2000 to 2005, and is expected a further 19.5% from 2005-2010. (Verdict, 2005) Fashion is the key factor for a consumer to buy fast fashion clothes. 1.3 Fashion Fashion can be defined like â€Å"the process of social diffusion by which a new style is adopted by some groups of consumers.’ (Solomon et al., 2006) The one of the most famous fashion designer Coco Channel said that ‘fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening’. Fashion is one of the most striking. It reflects the aesthetic, economic, political, cultural and social life changes. (Behling, 1985; Bush and London, 1960; Lauer and Lauer, 1981; Robenstine and Kelley, 1981; Wilson, 1985) Fashion is about something else and something greater. Fashion is about to escape from whom we really escape and who aspire to be. Fashion is temporary, at least in today’s fashion was happen at the yesterday. (Michael, 2006) Fashion trends work with the principles of product life cycle (PLC) management, from introduction products to the marketing to decline is very limited time. (Bruce and Barnes, 2005) This is very suited to the fast fashion, because it only does the newest fashion. The retailers put pressure to manufacture to decline the length of fashion product PLC and complement more frequent. Because of fast fashion needs more range of product to keep up-date, it is not amazing to see that the PLC of fashion product has reduced from months to weeks or even days. (Sull and Turconi, 2008; Barnes et al., 2007) Furthermore, Fashion also refers of the fact that consumer demand derived by weekly and daily television programs shopping more frequently, so consumers want to see the new look and the latest works of each purchase. (Barnes, 2008) So it can conclude that fast fashion is driving by fashion show, celebrity appearance and novelty, especially identified in the media, which projects creation and promote high-level of consumer demand. (Barnes and Greenwood, 2010) On the other hand, as consumer pursues fashion all the time, and the money is limited, this is a creative chance for fast fashion. The all aspects of consumer require as a factor of fast fashion, that including theory of broadened, build on the in season buying and reduced lead time idea of ‘new’, this is also a key feature of fast fashion, in other words, newness means constantly update, updating of ranges and delivery of goods to the store. (Barnes and Greenwood) From this aspect, the consumer factor also very important in fast fashion. 1.4 The consumer and self-concept Solomon,et al (2010) define self-concept is that ‘refers to the beliefs to the beliefs a person holds about their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities.’ Self-concept can help us to define who we are and guide us to buy goods and services. (Hoyer and Macinnis, 2009) Self-concept aims and focus on saying the personality of people, who we are, and of course influence our way to act (Macinnis, 2008 p50) As Stone has figure out that ‘a person’s appearance announces his identity, shows his values, expresses his mood, or proposes his attitude.’ Mintel (2007) media and magazines have huge influence for consumer behavior. From the high street consumer are really careful about finding some ideas on magazines because it is where there are the last trends such as glossy magazines with a strong way of influence. Schiffman et al (2010) define consumer behavior ‘as the behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs’. Consumer has become more ‘fashion’, ‘smart’ and intends to fashion and appearance for longer, so the size of the fashion product is increasingly in market. (Bruce and Daly, 2006; Mintel, 2009) As consumers are becoming more believed by self for fashion, ask adding new products growing of fashion product and in the UK fashion consumer want to change their style now. (Bruce abd Daly, 2006; Barnes, 2008) Fashion consumer’s expectation and thrive to changing, that the new products must be frequently used. Consumer purchasing a new supplier to engage in this rapid turnover of different products, in other words, the suppliers also need understand for change and have ability to provide such a relationship. (Bruce and Daly, 2006) Fast fashion is flexibility of design is referring to the ability or creating new design to close to start wear in-season, in which capture ever-changing and uncertain consumer trends. (Cachon and Swinney, 2008) In fast fashion field, the activities regarding the purchase are key. It is also influenced with the product decision -making and the changes. According to Mintel (2007), the development of fast fashion retailers can be attributed to an excellent high purchase for impulse. The reason comes from an increasing purchase from low-cost countries in consumer attitude and removal of sigma attached to buying from value retailers. 1.5 Motivation Motivation is identified as â€Å"the driving force within individuals that impels them to action’ (Schiffman et al, 2010) The ingredients of motivation are different. It can be responsive for three signals- natural, forward or reverse. (Rabey, 2001) Consumer behavior has two types in motivation thinking. One is called rational motives, another is called emotional motives. Rational motives mean that consumer are very carefully when they are buying. Emotional motives will pay attention to feelings such as pride, fear etc to choose one product to buy. (Michael et al, 2009) This is led to the increasing buying number of ‘season’ and transportation time providers must take in to consider. There are three main reasons when consumers are buying fast fashion clothing, that have impulsed buying or emotional buying. The first one is the timing which is a priority. Fast fashion has the aim of getting clothing in to store with the time as time as possible. This is led to the increasing buying number of ‘season’ and transportation time providers must take in to consider. In Fashion industry, companies increasingly use time as a factor to enhance their competitiveness. More and more high street retailer’s procurement only few weeks from introducing new fashion product and add stock. This reduces chance of thinking for customer. Second deals with cost factors. Cost is one of the important buying decisions in consumer and company will take advantage of lower priced product from oversea, like China, Far East etc. (Lowson, 2001; Mattila et al., 2002) Third one is fashion buying cycle. In the tradition buying cycle, company spends long term forecasts from histor ical sales, this often happens one year before a season, that leads from orders placed to launched product. It spends for company six month. Also, company has a risk if during this time product out-of –date, all this working will cancelled. (Birtwistle, 2003) Chapter 2. Research aim and objectives 21. Chapter summary 2.2 Aim The aim of this research is to provider deeply understanding of the increase reason of fast fashion sales. This is focusing in which factor influence consumer purchasing motivation and reason for buying fast fashion clothing. This aim will achieve by following three objectives: 1. To identify the profile of vintage consumer 2. To explore what fast fashion clothing means to the consumer 3. To critically analysis what makes consumer purchasing fast fashion clothing. Chapter 3. Methodology 3.1 Chapter summary This chapter is talking about methodology. The researcher will consider and evaluate different techniques of research used to obtain data relevant to the study in order to achieve the goals set. 3.2 Strategy For this research, secondary research will be used. The reason for this is that some based data have been precociously collected by a third party. Some resource of secondary research: Journals, articles Internet website such as Google Scholar, Science Direct etc Books Case studies The first source is journal and articles. These will be some relevant information, such as some objective examples of fast fashion and some methodology. Case studies also helpful, it is true that the advantages of finding multiple case studies is that it help to generate answers to the questions why a well as what and how. (Saunders, 2009) In addition, this research will use key words. This will help research define subject matter and make appropriate keywords. (Saunders, 2009) Time Cost Fashion buying cycle 3.3 Ontology Ontology a large extent determines the strategic planning of this study. Ontology is ‘concerned with nature of reality.’ (Saunders, 2009) This is emphasis on the active involved in the key construction projects. (Bryman, 2004) Following the ontological status of constructivism, this study asserts that social phenomena and their meaning are continuously being created and received by social roles. It can only be researchers’ own account, as there are building particular version of social reality, rather than one that can be defined as definition. (Bryman, 2004) 3.4 Research design When research establishes question for research and hypotheses. It must be getting a plane a design for research which is get answers to the research question, test and hypotheses. Research design includes three categories of research approaches, there are: exploratory, descriptive, and causal. (Wrenn et al, 2006) So, in this research it will search before journal or article as them assumptions. Next, it will collect and analyzing both types of data via quantitative and qualitative. Naslund nad Mentzer et al (1995) states that more research choose quantitative than qualitative. However, Naslund argues that if research want to develop deeply and more logistics research, it must be combine both methodologies. 3.5 Quantitative Quantitative can be defined that ‘quantitative models are based on a set of variables that vary over a specific domain, while quantitative and causal relationships have been defined between these variables’. (Bertrand and Fransoo, 2002) Quantitative modeling is original research in operations; this model is label as operational research in Europe also in USA. Quantitative modeling is towards to solve real-life problems rather than developing scientific. Quantitative studies usually have a logical and liner structure, Reference: 1. Liz Barnes, Gaynor Lea-Greenwood. Fast fashion in the retail store environment 2. Michael Saren, 2006 Marketing Graffti: the view from the street 3. Cholachatpinyo, I. Padgett, M. Crocker and Fletcher: a concept model of the fashion process-part 1 the fashion transformation process model. Vol. 6 No. 1, 2002, pp11-23 4. Michael Saren, 2006 marketing 5. Ka Ming Law, Zhi-Ming Zhang and Chung-Sun Leung, Fashion change and fashion consumption: the chaotic perspective. Vol. 8 No. 4, 2004 pp. 362-374 6. Helen Goworek, 2007, fashion buying, second edition. Published by Blackwell publishing. 7. Georg Simmel, Fashion, 1904, 1 (22) international Quarterley 10 (1904), 130-155 8. Constanza Bianch and Grete Birtwistle, the international review of retail, Distribution and Consumer Research: give away, or donate: an exploratory study of fashion clothing disposal behavior in two countries. Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2010, 353-368sell, 9. Anna Nagurney and Min Yu, Fashion Supply China Management Through Cost and Time Minimization from a Network Perspective. August 2010; revised September 2010 10. Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk and Joseph Wisenblit, 2010 consumer behavior, 10th edition, published by Pearson Education, Inc. 11. Margaret Bruce and Lucy Daly; Academic paper buyer behavior for fast fashion. Journal of fashion marketing and management Vol. 10 No. 3, 2006 pp 329-344. 12. Gerard P. Cachon and Robert Swinney; the impact consumer behavior on the value of operational flecibility. Chapter to Appear in Operations Management Models with Consumer-Driven Demand, Serguei Netessine and Christopher Tang, Editors. October 1, 2008 13. Martin Evans, consumer behavior towards, consumer behaviour towards fashion. 14. Wayne D. Hoyer, Debroah J. Macinnis (2009) Consumer Behavior. 5th edition. Printed in the United States of America. 15.Michael R. Solomon, Gary Bamossy, Soren Askegaard and Margaret K. Hogg (2010) Consumer Behavior A European perspective. 4th edition. Published by pearson education, inc, publishing as prentice Hall 16. Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill, 2009 Research methods for business students. 5th edition, published by FT Prentice Hall. 17. Bruce Wrenn, Robert E. Stevens and David L. Loudon, 2006, marketing research text and cases, 2nd edition, published by Best Business book, an imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc. 18. John Mangan, Chandra Lalwani and Bernard Gardner, 2004, Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies in logistics research. International journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management Vol. 34 No. 7, 2004 19. J. Will M. Bertrand and Jan C. Fransoo, 2002 Modeling and Simulation operations management research methodologies using quantitative modeling; international journal of operations Production Management Vol. 22 No. 2, 2002, pp. 241-264 How to cite What fast fashion is, and to know which factor influence fast fashion?, Essay examples

The Secret River free essay sample

Smasher is a vicious, cold-hearted man who shows no respect or humanity towards the Aboriginals. On the other hand, Blackwood’s character contrasts Smasher with his humanity and general respect to the original owners of their new home. The contrasting characterization of these two men allows readers to view the events and issues faced in the text from two completely different positions. One of the characters in the novel The Secret River is Smasher Sullivan. Smasher is a mean spirited man who has a profound hatred for the Aboriginals, and he states to have no problem ‘teaching a lesson to any aboriginal who sets foot on my land’. He kills, kidnaps and sexually abuses Aboriginal women and children. Readers infer Smasher’s horrid nature is due to oblivion and a lack of understanding and education about the aboriginals. Smasher believes the Aboriginals to be nothing but savages. This was a common viewpoint of the settlers at this point in white settlement. Many were ignorant and felt the Aboriginals were inferior to the whites. There was a great deal of hypocrisy among the whites and blacks in the early colonisation of Australia. This can be seen when Smasher demands that the Aboriginals should be massacred after killing his friend, although Smasher and the deceased Saggity were responsible for the death of a large number of Aboriginal people, including children and women. These double standards were in place because of the white dominance, and the ideology that the worth of a black’s life was far less than a white person’s, if it had any worth at all. This alleged superiority influenced the settlers to make little effort to understand the Aboriginal people’s way of live and culture. The harsh perspective allows the readers to comprehend the immensity of racism and brutality suffered during this time. Although Smasher dies during the brutal massacre of the Aborigines, the massacre itself symbolises his dominating, violent philosophy. If the characters were all as optimistic as some of the other characters such as Blackwood, readers would get an inaccurate and bias description of the events that Kate Grenville recounts in the novel. Smasher’s character is significant because he represents an honest portrayal of the ignorant, cruel and discriminating mindset of many settlers in post-colonial Australia. He challenges the values of many other characters in the text, and in many cases, our own values as readers. Thomas Blackwood is a character that takes a different approach to the native people of his new home. The moderate approach symbolised by Thomas Blackwood suggests the possibility to live side by side with the Aboriginals. The character of Blackwood is a moral, authoritive figure. He doesn’t worry about being greedy and rich, he just wants to make a decent living and live in peace. He is content with his life and doesn’t require tto inflict brutality on the Aboriginals. Of all the characters in the novel, Blackwood has the greatest appreciation and knowledge of the Aboriginals and their culture. He speaks the local language, and has a child to an Aboriginal woman whom he lives with. Readers are positioned by the author to see Blackwood as a positive character in comparison to Smasher, who he clashes with throughout the text due to his morality. He refers to his harmonious relationship with the natives to William where he says A man got to pay a fair price for taking. Matter of give a little, take a little. Blackwood’s general respect and empathy makes him frustrated and furious at the way many of the other characters in the text treat the Aboriginals. Unlike Smasher, Blackwood tries to convey to the other characters that the Aborigines were the ones with the power to decide whether they could stay on their land or not. Readers are likely to relate to Blackwood and appreciate how his understanding of the Aboriginal’s culture influences his attitude towards them. Blackwood is a significant character in the text because he contrasts the personality of Smasher, and represents a more passive settler. Without characters like Blackwood in the novel, readers would assume that all the settlers of this time were violent and dominant over the Aboriginals and their land, which gives a false historical retelling of these events. The inclusion of Blackwood gives us nother point of view to consider when making an understanding of the text. Characters in the text The Secret River all occupy individual thoughts and approaches towards the native people of Australia. The attitudes of some characters are extreme, and their actions, relationships, and in core, their lives, revolve around these personal beliefs. When readers contrast certain characters that possess opposing views, such as Blackwood and Smasher, t hey are able to take a more open-minded position when making judgement of the characters and events. Although readers may have preconceived ideas about Aboriginals or the settlement of whites in Australia, the characters force the reader to challenge or reconsider their personal opinions and beliefs. The issues in the text are commented on by characters that view them from easily differentiated perspectives. If the characters all shared the same view, the readers would be forced to side with that particular opinion, and the story would revolve around one single point of view. The significance of these two characters in the novel is not only that readers can consider the story from multiple positions, but also to show there is no favouritism of a certain opinion by the author. The novel The Secret River By Kate Grenville confronts readers with reprehensible, controversial and challenging issues, and an array of characters who react to these events with very different moral responses. One character, Thomas Blackwood, is an ethical man whilst Smasher Sullivan is an immoral individual. The two men signify two completely opposing outlooks in many aspects. The characters of Smasher and Blackwood are significant in the text because they represent two symbols of Australia’s future at this time. One, an existence harmonious with the Aboriginals, and secondly, a very different life struggling to oppress the natives. Contrasting characters are important to challenge the opinions and values of one another, and those of the reader’s. When we make an understanding of the text, we are able to take the opinions and beliefs of multiple personalities into consideration, giving us a more broadened perception of the novel.