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Monday, July 27, 2020

Cyphort

Cyphort INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are at one of the safest places in Santa Clara, the Cyphort. Fengmin, who are you and what do you do?Fengmin: Yes. Iâ€™m a co-founder and also the Chief Strategy and Technology Officer od Cyphort.Martin: What is Cyphort?Fengmin: So at Cyphort, what we are really doing is we are offering the next generation advanced threat defense product. Think of it as a tool, but itâ€™s a tool that is helping the enterprise IT people to really implement this new thinking about the best way to defend against advanced threat. And with that new thinking, new approach, our tool is actually designed to best help people implementing that new approach.Martin: When did you start this company, and what did you do before?Fengmin: The company was started in around March of 2011. And before that, I kind of did a few startups. And Iâ€™ll go back a little bit just to give you an idea. After I finished my PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri in the U.S., I spent a bout eight years on DARPA funded research projects, and that is mostly working on high speed networking and basically security. So for DARPA project, you typically actually build a prototype, not like National Science Foundation kind of project where you write papers.So that eight years, I always think of it as a training for me. Once around Year 2000, thatâ€™s where we saw a few security startups, the early days of intrusion prevention or detection products, we realized that we have been doing much more advanced technology and building prototype under the DARPA project. We believed a much better technology and solution compared to some of the startups. So thatâ€™s where I started having the initial idea of maybe I should create a startup. Actually, itâ€™s around that time that I got the first opportunity, first call to do a startup in Silicon Valley. So thatâ€™s when I moved and started my first company called IntruVert Networks. That is really an intrusion prevention product compa ny.Followed by that company, we were basically acquired by McAfee. So we went to McAfee and I worked there for a few years to help integrate that product into McAfee portfolio. But then I went to start up my second one, that is, Bartel Networks, a next generation firewall, followed by also two years as a Chief Security Content Officer at FireEye.What I want to probably really point out, the main thing, I think, in this kind of past is always I tried to keep up with what the security threats are going, where itâ€™s going, and how the IT infrastructure actually is evolving because a combination of those two really create or define new needs for tools for people to defend. So pretty much thatâ€™s kind of my career, how it has evolved, and even come into founding Cyphort is actually continuing on the same path and always trying to build the next best tool that IT people can use.Martin: Who are your customers?Fengmin: For us, the customer really includes all enterprise class companies. T he product is helping them to really protect the threats that are either coming from the external coming to their network or some threat landed on their network, actually moving laterally inside the network. Itâ€™s not going to be industrial sector-specific because, as you know today, that kind of threat problem is applicable to every sector. Itâ€™s only mainly determined by how sophisticated and at what stage their enterprise actually understands the problem. So itâ€™s across the industry sectors.Martin: Fengmin, do you only help identify the threat, or are you also helping mitigate the threat?Fengmin: Yes. Thatâ€™s a very good question. We built a product to actually best support this new, I would call it, paradigm shift in terms of how do you deal with advanced threat. What we realized was really for enterprise, the bottleneck, if you will, in advanced threat defense is really with the ability to detect the threat reliably, cover all the vectors of potential threat propagation, a nd also provide a very actionable, relevant results for them to take action. So once we realized that is the main problem, the Cyphort product was built with the focus on accurate detection and covering all the bases, make sure that you detect them, and also with very reliable and very relevant data to the enterprise under protection.But today what we donâ€™t do is we do not provide a firewall function for you to do an enforcement. The reason we didnâ€™t position the product this way is we realized that most of the enterprise already have one form or another next generation firewall or some of the security web gateway and they already made an investment. They have that product deployed, and those products are not doing the best defense for the enterprise because they do not know what data to use to actually make a blocking, for example. So if someone tells them this is the kind of data you use to do that blocking, they can block it well. So we come in to fill that gap and we want to provide that detection data.Martin: So this means that your main focus is identification of the threat and then you push this kind of information or the result of it, whoâ€™s the threat and who is not to the firewall, who will then decide if this a threat according to Cyphort, you wonâ€™t allowed it in?Fengmin: Correct. Actually, that brings us to this second notion. We talked about this new paradigm shift, right? The notion people say is you have to continuously monitor all the possible vectors and then you try to determine what exactly happened, whatâ€™s relevant to your environment, at what stage the attack is going, and then with this very specific data, you want to turn it into actionable data. So what we end up doing is associated with this notion is a notion of an ecosystem-based defense approach. So thatâ€™s when Cyphort detects something from Day 1, the product support is out of APIs. So it basically allows any other product to consume the results in a fashion that is read ily implementable for blocking something.Martin: How do you define a threat? Is spam also included in the definition?Fengmin: We would not consider the typical email spam you think in the past where someone is mainly sending an email, a lot of message just to spread maybe some rumors, right? What we are focusing on is think of malware pieces, maybe a piece of code, compared to the old days of the virus. Now the advanced one that comes in not only have a lot of attack payload but also have a lot of capability to try to hide itself and also have a lot of network-based communication to go back to the server. So thatâ€™s where the malware is really the most lethal weapon, if you will, for the modern threat, right? So the malware is really the focus, and then anything associated with that. So you mentioned the email. Although the spamming is not the focus, but email as a vector for the malware to get into the enterprise to infect someoneâ€™s machine. So we also cover the email. We make s ure we are able to extract the files and then inspect them to actually detect them as well.Martin: You have two sides of the equation. You have, on one side, the attackers, and you have on the other side something like Cyphort who is defending the company. And thereâ€™s always this kind of competition. One time the attackers are in the frontline, and sometimes the defenders. How do you keep up with the speed that the attackers are developing? Because they are using different strategies. How do you keep up to date?Fengmin: Yes. Itâ€™s very interesting, and this is indeed a challenge for us. One of the fundamental components in our detection technology is, in addition to useâ€¦ people are all aware of this notion of sandboxing. Sandboxing is really useful to be able to detonate or run a piece of code and, based on behavior, try to determine if itâ€™s malicious or not. Now, just using the sandbox to detonate it may not allow you to adapt and to cope with the new ones, but thatâ€™s how the old generation of the product typically implements a set of specific rules or look for a pattern, if-then-else kind of pattern or heuristics try to then determine if a piece of code is malicious or not.But for Cyphort, one of the things from Day 1, we realize what we need to do is to marry this detonation behavior-based with machine learning. So the machine learning allows us to do two things. Number one is indeed even for a piece of malware, weâ€™ve already seen itâ€™s something that maybe just happened, but by looking at the behavior of that and relying on the machine learning model to train and then build a more sophisticated mathematical model to predict and to generalize into the class of malware that have a similar behavior but itâ€™s not the same thing. So we are able to detect that. That gives us the ability to detect unknown or you can also refer to as a zero day from a malware perspective.Then the second thing that machine learning allows us to do is once we have this systematic architecture, then if we are able to continuously monitor, use additional means to collect new samples and to do the training periodically and then release the new model into the product, now we have a continuous learning and adaptation. So of course to complement and support the second part, what we have been able to do is, in addition to collaborating with a lot of other entities, the threat intelligence, companies and also community-based feed out there, we also have built what we refer to as a crawler infrastructure in Cyphort labs. What the crawler infrastructure allows us to do is to constantly go out, use our own hardware-based sandbox to go out to the wide internet and to get our sandbox infected. When that happens, and then we have the collection of new exploit pack and new samples, and that feeds into our machine learning, so thatâ€™s really at least a main part of our approach how to keep up.Martin: This is also where my question relates to. I totally understan d if you have lots of users and you get lots of data that you can improve your machine learning algorithms for detecting those threats. But when you started out, you did not have that much of a customer behavior data. How did you convince the first customers to say, â€œYes, Iâ€™ll go with Cyphort,â€ without you having that much data which machine learning algorithm you can apply to?Fengmin: Right. Of course, there are two parts to it. One part is indeed we need to leverage some existing collection of malware samples, and luckily with both some of the partners and also one of the well known ones that youâ€™re probably aware of is Virus Total, and it probably has the largest collection of the malware samples. So by applying, using the existing samples, we are able to learn a model fairly recent. So thatâ€™s from the technical part. But then when it comes to engaging the customer, really I would say a few big steps that we have taken.Number one is indeed really be able to identify the key problem the customer is facing and also showing that we understand the customerâ€™s problem, and also have a common understanding of the best approach to actually improve their defense.Once we have that conversation, then the next thing is we share how we build this product or the tool, how that tool would support this understanding of how to approach it.And once we have that, really the third step is basically almost all enterprise customers would require that we actually make the product available and for them to actually test drive it. So they would actually go through an evaluation on their network.Of course, in that process, we provide as much help to get them through the hurdle where they typically are always resource-limited, so we help them make it easy for them to install it on the live network and go through an evaluation period. So we are able to approach the customer that way, and weâ€™re happy with what we have been able to do so far. Yes.Martin: Fengmin, how do yo u show the customer whether there is a malware? For example, if Iâ€™m looking at a company and the emails they are getting. And what I understood is that you are also scanning some kind of files, whether thereâ€™s malware included or not, for minimizing that the system is breached. How do you do this in minimal? Is it just that you have some kind of bar which says, â€œOkay, 95% chance thereâ€™s malware included,â€ or if there is a special threshold the email doesnâ€™t go through? Whatâ€™s the process?Fengmin: Yes. For us, actually in Cyphort product, we end up using multiple inspection message, we refer to. Because we realize for the modern attack, the malware, they can come in different ways and also they all have their sophisticated kind of evasive behavior in them. Some of them may evade a traditional virus scan, like a static analysis, right? You look at a code, how the code structure looks like, and then the behavior based on when some of them actually are able to detect if th ey are being watched in a sandbox, they may stop running. So what we end up doing is once we realize this, then whenever we get a piece of code that we feel this unknown, they could be a malware-carrying file, then we actually go through both static analysis, looking for known patterns, and also we have repetition data referenced to Virus Total, in addition to our own more kind of sophisticated static analysis and behavior. So in this case, what it means is when we decide if something is really bad, indeed there is typically a kind of a range of behavior, and you can almost think there is a threshold.Today what we have done is intentionally not expose that kind of slider to the customer but we are able to take into account of this multiple methods of inspection, then we look at those information together. So for the machine learning, indeed we actually come up with the behavioral-based score. They range basically, letâ€™s say, from a 0 to 100, that kind of scale. And we choose a thr eshold based on our training and also we in the future can allow customers to set based on how aggressive they are.But the interesting thing, itâ€™s helpful when we use both Virus Total and static multiple kind of method is if something is already knownâ€¦because you expect, right? They donâ€™t always use something totally new. There are a lot of them that use some existing things. So thatâ€™s the benefit of the product. If they use something that is not new, then additional methods, including the Virus Total, actually give us a context, and in that case, itâ€™s fairly black and white. And we can even tell them what are the other products already, be this bad or the same thing, and then what the names they are referring them to. And then we can basically compare that with what our machine learning is telling us. So they both help us to improve the machine learning. At the same time, we can tell the customer if something is already known, potentially how long ago they have been out t here versus all the way to something really new. So that way, the customer, based on how aggressive they want to respond to it, they could choose different path towards it.BUSINESS MODEL OF CYPHORTMartin: Fengmin, letâ€™s talk about the business model of Cyphort. How are you making money with it? Is it a SaaS model or is it something like an installment fee?Fengmin: Yes. Thatâ€™s a very good question because we always have to make money. So in this particular case, the current model is we choose a software of virtual appliance-based delivery model but itâ€™s subscription-based. So we have seen a lot of customers. The subscription-based one gives them some flexibility, at the same time gives them more like a steady kind of cadence for them to make the budget decisions. So the thing really, so far it worked the best for us, is really the software-based delivery along with support for virtualized environment. And in this case, we can be deployed both on premise and also when they choos e to, like we have customers where already most of their computing have gone to AWS, and so in that case, they can actually deploy our product in the AWS environment as well.The way the product is designed, because itâ€™s API-based and software-based delivery, it allows it to be easily deployed and also provides a service in a SaaS model. So we are actually right now working on that based mainly on the customer demand because in the initial set of customers, weâ€™ve definitely seen more customers want to have products deployed on premise because there is still some concern about their data going out of their network.Martin: Are you somehow differentiating the SaaS products maybe based on volume or based on number of employees of the customer or some other metric?Fengmin: Oh, the pricing model you are referring to? Yes. Right now, actually we have a pretty much unified pricing model that is based on the protected bandwidth.Martin: Whatâ€™s that?Fengmin: So the notion is letâ€™s say y ou may have multiple links, network action links you have to watch. So on that link, you know what the typical amount of traffic is going through it, so then you purchase our product based on that expected amount of data that we have to inspect and then detect and then protect. So actually thatâ€™s also one thing that we have got very positive customer feedback. What ends up happening is letâ€™s say you purchase five gigabits worth of the traffic and then the Cyphort product does not limit the customer how many links that you are monitoring, maybe how many servers you deploy to monitor this link. So for them, that is very flexible because you may have multiple offices and distributed across the globe and then you donâ€™t have different pricing models. Itâ€™s the total amount of protected link bandwidth.Martin: Fengmin, how did you acquire the first customers, and did any of the process for customer acquisition change over time?Fengmin: Yes, and thatâ€™s a very good question. The ini tial customer is really based on some of the connections, in this case, both the connection, letâ€™s say, with the executive team and also the connection, for example, with our venture capital funding partner. That is very typical practice. Itâ€™s more about initially with the connection we have someone that is willing and open their ears to listen to us, and that is very important. But then quickly as the time goes, today we have a lot of customers, now theyâ€™re already coming through a very typical funnel. You think of that process from you have mind share and you have lead generation. So that means now it becomes at scale operation because those customers, because they know they have heard about Cyphort and they have a problem, then they see Cyphort as a potential contender for that, then thatâ€™s how value comes in. Today our customers, both from that kind of normal channel, at the same time they become much larger customers compared to the early set.Martin: Sure. Is it mainly driven currently by inbound marketing, or is it also that you have a direct sales force which goes out to meet potential clients and then tries to acquire them?Fengmin: Yes. We actually have. Cyphort has, I think, maybe a very interesting, very initial result. We were so happy we were doing so well. As you imagine, most of the enterprise company products, you always rely initially on a direct sales force to go after the account. But then for Cyphort, as actually even early this year, we already have several dozen partners.Martin: Distribution partners?Fengmin: Correct, and these are the onesâ€¦ So itâ€™s very rare in even my past several companies. At this early stage, we have so many partners and signed with us, and actually today we definitely have over 50% of our deals directly coming through the partner source versus our direct sales.Martin: And can you describe this kind of partners? Are they more some kind of antivirus or firewall programs, or are they consulting companies, or what type of companies?Fengmin: Yes. Actually, one example I would mention is this company called Optiv. They used to be there were two companies. One is called FishNet. The other one is called Accuvant. These are the companies that they have their own labs. They also have their own, of course, sales engineer and the whole workforce from the marketing all the way to product. So they typically help the customer define a set of solutions for their security protection needs. So these are really major players, and they help both for getting the customer and also, of course, some of the training and support, installation also are coming from them. So those two companies actually, a few months ago, they merged and they became Optiv. And we are one of the very select few small set of partners that they have.Martin: Over the last four years, what have been the major obstacles while building and growing Cyphort? How did you manage those obstacles?Fengmin: I think for us, the main things are all related to scaling up the sales, and this is where, of course, one of the things that we learned is, for instance, the kind of product. We are indeed an advanced threat defense product, so if you compare it to the old generation of some of the security products, they are more complex, and that means going to the enterprise, there are more dependencies with other product and also there is the education of the customer aspect. So we have basically at the same time not only helped to educate the customer for their adoption of the newer approach, the better approach for defense, at the same time to basically improve the product because you always scale from smaller customer in the key features then to more mature at scale features and for what we refer to as enterprise readiness. Itâ€™s really talking about more deployment scenarios and more other products to integrate with and also to account for different kinds of IT configuration. So most of our work has been along these lines, along with scaling up the sales force. Thatâ€™s the main challenge in the last few months.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM FENGMIN GONG In Santa Clara (CA), we meet co-founder and CSO of Cyphort, Fengmin Gong. Fengmin talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Cyphort, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi. Today we are at one of the safest places in Santa Clara, the Cyphort. Fengmin, who are you and what do you do?Fengmin: Yes. Iâ€™m a co-founder and also the Chief Strategy and Technology Officer od Cyphort.Martin: What is Cyphort?Fengmin: So at Cyphort, what we are really doing is we are offering the next generation advanced threat defense product. Think of it as a tool, but itâ€™s a tool that is helping the enterprise IT people to really implement this new thinking about the best way to defend against advanced threat. And with that new thinking, new approach, our tool is actually designed to best help people implementing that new approach.Martin: When did you start this company, and what did you do before?Fengmin: The company was started in around March of 2011. And before that, I kind of did a few startups. And Iâ€™ll go back a little bit just to give you an idea. After I finished my PhD from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri in the U.S., I spent about eight years on DARPA funded research projects, and that is mostly working on high speed networking and basically security. So for DARPA project, you typically actually build a prototype, not like National Science Foundation kind of project where you write papers.So that eight years, I always think of it as a training for me. Once around Year 2000, thatâ€™s where we saw a few security startups, the early days of intrusion prevention or detection products, we realized that we have been doing much more advanced technology and building prototype under the DARPA project. We believed a much better technology and solution compared to some of the startups. So thatâ€™s where I started having the initial idea of maybe I should create a start up. Actually, itâ€™s around that time that I got the first opportunity, first call to do a startup in Silicon Valley. So thatâ€™s when I moved and started my first company called IntruVert Networks. That is really an intrusion prevention product company.Followed by that company, we were basically acquired by McAfee. So we went to McAfee and I worked there for a few years to help integrate that product into McAfee portfolio. But then I went to start up my second one, that is, Bartel Networks, a next generation firewall, followed by also two years as a Chief Security Content Officer at FireEye.What I want to probably really point out, the main thing, I think, in this kind of past is always I tried to keep up with what the security threats are going, where itâ€™s going, and how the IT infrastructure actually is evolving because a combination of those two really create or define new needs for tools for people to defend. So pretty much thatâ€™s kind of my career, how it has evolved, and even come into founding Cyphort is actually continuing on the same path and always trying to build the next best tool that IT people can use.Martin: Who are your customers?Fengmin: For us, the customer really includes all enterprise class companies. The product is helping them to really protect the threats that are either coming from the external coming to their network or some threat landed on their network, actually moving laterally inside the network. Itâ€™s not going to be industrial sector-specific because, as you know today, that kind of threat problem is applicable to every sector. Itâ€™s only mainly determined by how sophisticated and at what stage their enterprise actually understands the problem. So itâ€™s across the industry sectors.Martin: Fengmin, do you only help identify the threat, or are you also helping mitigate the threat?Fengmin: Yes. Thatâ€™s a very good question. We built a product to actually best support this new, I would call it, paradigm shift in terms of h ow do you deal with advanced threat. What we realized was really for enterprise, the bottleneck, if you will, in advanced threat defense is really with the ability to detect the threat reliably, cover all the vectors of potential threat propagation, and also provide a very actionable, relevant results for them to take action. So once we realized that is the main problem, the Cyphort product was built with the focus on accurate detection and covering all the bases, make sure that you detect them, and also with very reliable and very relevant data to the enterprise under protection.But today what we donâ€™t do is we do not provide a firewall function for you to do an enforcement. The reason we didnâ€™t position the product this way is we realized that most of the enterprise already have one form or another next generation firewall or some of the security web gateway and they already made an investment. They have that product deployed, and those products are not doing the best defense for the enterprise because they do not know what data to use to actually make a blocking, for example. So if someone tells them this is the kind of data you use to do that blocking, they can block it well. So we come in to fill that gap and we want to provide that detection data.Martin: So this means that your main focus is identification of the threat and then you push this kind of information or the result of it, whoâ€™s the threat and who is not to the firewall, who will then decide if this a threat according to Cyphort, you wonâ€™t allowed it in?Fengmin: Correct. Actually, that brings us to this second notion. We talked about this new paradigm shift, right? The notion people say is you have to continuously monitor all the possible vectors and then you try to determine what exactly happened, whatâ€™s relevant to your environment, at what stage the attack is going, and then with this very specific data, you want to turn it into actionable data. So what we end up doing is associate d with this notion is a notion of an ecosystem-based defense approach. So thatâ€™s when Cyphort detects something from Day 1, the product support is out of APIs. So it basically allows any other product to consume the results in a fashion that is readily implementable for blocking something.Martin: How do you define a threat? Is spam also included in the definition?Fengmin: We would not consider the typical email spam you think in the past where someone is mainly sending an email, a lot of message just to spread maybe some rumors, right? What we are focusing on is think of malware pieces, maybe a piece of code, compared to the old days of the virus. Now the advanced one that comes in not only have a lot of attack payload but also have a lot of capability to try to hide itself and also have a lot of network-based communication to go back to the server. So thatâ€™s where the malware is really the most lethal weapon, if you will, for the modern threat, right? So the malware is really t he focus, and then anything associated with that. So you mentioned the email. Although the spamming is not the focus, but email as a vector for the malware to get into the enterprise to infect someoneâ€™s machine. So we also cover the email. We make sure we are able to extract the files and then inspect them to actually detect them as well.Martin: You have two sides of the equation. You have, on one side, the attackers, and you have on the other side something like Cyphort who is defending the company. And thereâ€™s always this kind of competition. One time the attackers are in the frontline, and sometimes the defenders. How do you keep up with the speed that the attackers are developing? Because they are using different strategies. How do you keep up to date?Fengmin: Yes. Itâ€™s very interesting, and this is indeed a challenge for us. One of the fundamental components in our detection technology is, in addition to useâ€¦ people are all aware of this notion of sandboxing. Sandboxing is really useful to be able to detonate or run a piece of code and, based on behavior, try to determine if itâ€™s malicious or not. Now, just using the sandbox to detonate it may not allow you to adapt and to cope with the new ones, but thatâ€™s how the old generation of the product typically implements a set of specific rules or look for a pattern, if-then-else kind of pattern or heuristics try to then determine if a piece of code is malicious or not.But for Cyphort, one of the things from Day 1, we realize what we need to do is to marry this detonation behavior-based with machine learning. So the machine learning allows us to do two things. Number one is indeed even for a piece of malware, weâ€™ve already seen itâ€™s something that maybe just happened, but by looking at the behavior of that and relying on the machine learning model to train and then build a more sophisticated mathematical model to predict and to generalize into the class of malware that have a similar behavior bu t itâ€™s not the same thing. So we are able to detect that. That gives us the ability to detect unknown or you can also refer to as a zero day from a malware perspective.Then the second thing that machine learning allows us to do is once we have this systematic architecture, then if we are able to continuously monitor, use additional means to collect new samples and to do the training periodically and then release the new model into the product, now we have a continuous learning and adaptation. So of course to complement and support the second part, what we have been able to do is, in addition to collaborating with a lot of other entities, the threat intelligence, companies and also community-based feed out there, we also have built what we refer to as a crawler infrastructure in Cyphort labs. What the crawler infrastructure allows us to do is to constantly go out, use our own hardware-based sandbox to go out to the wide internet and to get our sandbox infected. When that happens, a nd then we have the collection of new exploit pack and new samples, and that feeds into our machine learning, so thatâ€™s really at least a main part of our approach how to keep up.Martin: This is also where my question relates to. I totally understand if you have lots of users and you get lots of data that you can improve your machine learning algorithms for detecting those threats. But when you started out, you did not have that much of a customer behavior data. How did you convince the first customers to say, â€œYes, Iâ€™ll go with Cyphort,â€ without you having that much data which machine learning algorithm you can apply to?Fengmin: Right. Of course, there are two parts to it. One part is indeed we need to leverage some existing collection of malware samples, and luckily with both some of the partners and also one of the well known ones that youâ€™re probably aware of is Virus Total, and it probably has the largest collection of the malware samples. So by applying, using the ex isting samples, we are able to learn a model fairly recent. So thatâ€™s from the technical part. But then when it comes to engaging the customer, really I would say a few big steps that we have taken.Number one is indeed really be able to identify the key problem the customer is facing and also showing that we understand the customerâ€™s problem, and also have a common understanding of the best approach to actually improve their defense.Once we have that conversation, then the next thing is we share how we build this product or the tool, how that tool would support this understanding of how to approach it.And once we have that, really the third step is basically almost all enterprise customers would require that we actually make the product available and for them to actually test drive it. So they would actually go through an evaluation on their network.Of course, in that process, we provide as much help to get them through the hurdle where they typically are always resource-limited , so we help them make it easy for them to install it on the live network and go through an evaluation period. So we are able to approach the customer that way, and weâ€™re happy with what we have been able to do so far. Yes.Martin: Fengmin, how do you show the customer whether there is a malware? For example, if Iâ€™m looking at a company and the emails they are getting. And what I understood is that you are also scanning some kind of files, whether thereâ€™s malware included or not, for minimizing that the system is breached. How do you do this in minimal? Is it just that you have some kind of bar which says, â€œOkay, 95% chance thereâ€™s malware included,â€ or if there is a special threshold the email doesnâ€™t go through? Whatâ€™s the process?Fengmin: Yes. For us, actually in Cyphort product, we end up using multiple inspection message, we refer to. Because we realize for the modern attack, the malware, they can come in different ways and also they all have their sophisticated kind of evasive behavior in them. Some of them may evade a traditional virus scan, like a static analysis, right? You look at a code, how the code structure looks like, and then the behavior based on when some of them actually are able to detect if they are being watched in a sandbox, they may stop running. So what we end up doing is once we realize this, then whenever we get a piece of code that we feel this unknown, they could be a malware-carrying file, then we actually go through both static analysis, looking for known patterns, and also we have repetition data referenced to Virus Total, in addition to our own more kind of sophisticated static analysis and behavior. So in this case, what it means is when we decide if something is really bad, indeed there is typically a kind of a range of behavior, and you can almost think there is a threshold.Today what we have done is intentionally not expose that kind of slider to the customer but we are able to take into account of this multi ple methods of inspection, then we look at those information together. So for the machine learning, indeed we actually come up with the behavioral-based score. They range basically, letâ€™s say, from a 0 to 100, that kind of scale. And we choose a threshold based on our training and also we in the future can allow customers to set based on how aggressive they are.But the interesting thing, itâ€™s helpful when we use both Virus Total and static multiple kind of method is if something is already knownâ€¦because you expect, right? They donâ€™t always use something totally new. There are a lot of them that use some existing things. So thatâ€™s the benefit of the product. If they use something that is not new, then additional methods, including the Virus Total, actually give us a context, and in that case, itâ€™s fairly black and white. And we can even tell them what are the other products already, be this bad or the same thing, and then what the names they are referring them to. And the n we can basically compare that with what our machine learning is telling us. So they both help us to improve the machine learning. At the same time, we can tell the customer if something is already known, potentially how long ago they have been out there versus all the way to something really new. So that way, the customer, based on how aggressive they want to respond to it, they could choose different path towards it.BUSINESS MODEL OF CYPHORTMartin: Fengmin, letâ€™s talk about the business model of Cyphort. How are you making money with it? Is it a SaaS model or is it something like an installment fee?Fengmin: Yes. Thatâ€™s a very good question because we always have to make money. So in this particular case, the current model is we choose a software of virtual appliance-based delivery model but itâ€™s subscription-based. So we have seen a lot of customers. The subscription-based one gives them some flexibility, at the same time gives them more like a steady kind of cadence for th em to make the budget decisions. So the thing really, so far it worked the best for us, is really the software-based delivery along with support for virtualized environment. And in this case, we can be deployed both on premise and also when they choose to, like we have customers where already most of their computing have gone to AWS, and so in that case, they can actually deploy our product in the AWS environment as well.The way the product is designed, because itâ€™s API-based and software-based delivery, it allows it to be easily deployed and also provides a service in a SaaS model. So we are actually right now working on that based mainly on the customer demand because in the initial set of customers, weâ€™ve definitely seen more customers want to have products deployed on premise because there is still some concern about their data going out of their network.Martin: Are you somehow differentiating the SaaS products maybe based on volume or based on number of employees of the cus tomer or some other metric?Fengmin: Oh, the pricing model you are referring to? Yes. Right now, actually we have a pretty much unified pricing model that is based on the protected bandwidth.Martin: Whatâ€™s that?Fengmin: So the notion is letâ€™s say you may have multiple links, network action links you have to watch. So on that link, you know what the typical amount of traffic is going through it, so then you purchase our product based on that expected amount of data that we have to inspect and then detect and then protect. So actually thatâ€™s also one thing that we have got very positive customer feedback. What ends up happening is letâ€™s say you purchase five gigabits worth of the traffic and then the Cyphort product does not limit the customer how many links that you are monitoring, maybe how many servers you deploy to monitor this link. So for them, that is very flexible because you may have multiple offices and distributed across the globe and then you donâ€™t have different pricing models. Itâ€™s the total amount of protected link bandwidth.Martin: Fengmin, how did you acquire the first customers, and did any of the process for customer acquisition change over time?Fengmin: Yes, and thatâ€™s a very good question. The initial customer is really based on some of the connections, in this case, both the connection, letâ€™s say, with the executive team and also the connection, for example, with our venture capital funding partner. That is very typical practice. Itâ€™s more about initially with the connection we have someone that is willing and open their ears to listen to us, and that is very important. But then quickly as the time goes, today we have a lot of customers, now theyâ€™re already coming through a very typical funnel. You think of that process from you have mind share and you have lead generation. So that means now it becomes at scale operation because those customers, because they know they have heard about Cyphort and they have a problem, then they see Cyphort as a potential contender for that, then thatâ€™s how value comes in. Today our customers, both from that kind of normal channel, at the same time they become much larger customers compared to the early set.Martin: Sure. Is it mainly driven currently by inbound marketing, or is it also that you have a direct sales force which goes out to meet potential clients and then tries to acquire them?Fengmin: Yes. We actually have. Cyphort has, I think, maybe a very interesting, very initial result. We were so happy we were doing so well. As you imagine, most of the enterprise company products, you always rely initially on a direct sales force to go after the account. But then for Cyphort, as actually even early this year, we already have several dozen partners.Martin: Distribution partners?Fengmin: Correct, and these are the onesâ€¦ So itâ€™s very rare in even my past several companies. At this early stage, we have so many partners and signed with us, and actually today we d efinitely have over 50% of our deals directly coming through the partner source versus our direct sales.Martin: And can you describe this kind of partners? Are they more some kind of antivirus or firewall programs, or are they consulting companies, or what type of companies?Fengmin: Yes. Actually, one example I would mention is this company called Optiv. They used to be there were two companies. One is called FishNet. The other one is called Accuvant. These are the companies that they have their own labs. They also have their own, of course, sales engineer and the whole workforce from the marketing all the way to product. So they typically help the customer define a set of solutions for their security protection needs. So these are really major players, and they help both for getting the customer and also, of course, some of the training and support, installation also are coming from them. So those two companies actually, a few months ago, they merged and they became Optiv. And we a re one of the very select few small set of partners that they have.Martin: Over the last four years, what have been the major obstacles while building and growing Cyphort? How did you manage those obstacles?Fengmin: I think for us, the main things are all related to scaling up the sales, and this is where, of course, one of the things that we learned is, for instance, the kind of product. We are indeed an advanced threat defense product, so if you compare it to the old generation of some of the security products, they are more complex, and that means going to the enterprise, there are more dependencies with other product and also there is the education of the customer aspect. So we have basically at the same time not only helped to educate the customer for their adoption of the newer approach, the better approach for defense, at the same time to basically improve the product because you always scale from smaller customer in the key features then to more mature at scale features and for what we refer to as enterprise readiness. Itâ€™s really talking about more deployment scenarios and more other products to integrate with and also to account for different kinds of IT configuration. So most of our work has been along these lines, along with scaling up the sales force. Thatâ€™s the main challenge in the last few months.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM FENGMIN GONGMartin: We always tried to help first time entrepreneurs make less errors. What type of lessons have you learned over the last 10 years maybe, and some kind of lessons that you can share with the audience?Fengmin: Yes. A few things definitely, I think, that come off the top of my head and Iâ€™ve seen more entrepreneurs still having this issue.Number one, I would say, and also coming from a technical background myself is really for them to avoid falling in love with their technology, and they always think of their technology as the best, can solve everything. So that is where they tend to forget about the cus tomer side because oftentimes you have to have a direct connection to the customer pain and the problem. So that is one thing that happens a lot with entrepreneurs.And of course, the next one is more related to the product ease of use, ease of deployment. And for people with an engineering or technology background, they always think, â€œThis is so easy for me,â€ but then you have to basically to put yourself in the customerâ€™s shoes. In that case, maybe itâ€™s not that easy. You have to make it easier for the customer.And then the third one, I would say, it happens a lot with first time entrepreneurs is they always are eager to present a big solution. So I refer to it as maybe the tendency to boil the ocean, where if indeed you have a good idea, you should solve the most urgent problem with that one or two features and you should show customer traction, and then you can move on. So that is a mistake they make, oftentimes also would give, for example, the venture capitalist the imp ression that they really donâ€™t understand. They lack the focus. So those are some of the main things.Of course, when it comes to the team and then culture, there are some things, I feel, itâ€™s also very important because being a startup company in general, to maintain a very innovative culture is probably the utmost for the team efficiency and everything else. So thatâ€™s sometimes the founders, and they have to balance it out. When you look for people with big company experience, hopefully they leave most of the big company operation culture behind, right? That will be one interesting thing to watch out for.Martin: And how do you check whether somebody is fitting into a startup based on the innovative culture?Fengmin: I think this is whereâ€¦ For instance, one example is certain developers or technical people, they are very strong but then maybe their thinking always says, â€œYou give me as specific a task as possible for me to perform, then I just deliver to that,â€ versus som eone says, â€œI just want to understand what we are trying to build. What is this supposed to do?â€ And thatâ€™s what we call the objective, and then they actually can think about the best way to do it, versus you have everything specked out, exactly you implement this way and that way. So that will be very fundamental. Some people are very comfortable in working in one mode versus the other. And for startup, typically you would want to look for people who have a little experience and also willing, open to share and not to hesitate to say, â€œThis is a better way to do it.â€ That will be a good way to look at people.Martin: Fengmin, thank you so much for your time and for sharing your knowledge.Fengmin: Thank you. Itâ€™s my pleasure.Martin: And next time if you are having a really big website and you are thinking about threats that are maybe coming at your company, just look at Cyphort. Maybe this is a good solution for protecting your website.Fengmin: Thank you.Martin: Welcome.Fe ngmin: My pleasure to share the thoughts.Martin: Thanks.

Friday, May 22, 2020

The Mongolian Empire The Greatest Of The World - 1220 Words

The Mongolian Empire is the greatest in the world Ã¢â‚¬Å"It is not sufficient that I succeed- all others must fail,Ã¢â‚¬ said Genghis Khan the greatest ruler of the Mongolian Empire. The Mongol Empire was said to be one of the greatest in many charts and studies have even shown this throughout history. Even though the Mongolian Empire didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t last the longest time it still achieved many things in their time. It was one of the biggest empires in terms of the land size. It stretched from Korea and China in the east through Siberia and Central Asia also into Persia and Eastern Europe to the west. The Mongol Empire ruled for about one hundred and sixty years. The things that the Mongolian Empire have accomplished include the things that they invented, some of the greatest rulers of the Mongol Empire, and the conquering and defeating other empires. The Mongols invented many things when they were in rule. The Middle invention of the triangular plow helped to revolutionize agriculture in China while the Chinese blast furnace made European metalworking easier and stronger. Astronomy, mathematics, engineering, banking, there was no field of knowledge that the Mongols didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t get involved in. The Mongol empire really liked their bling and needed to protect the Silk Road. They solved these problems by creating what they called yams. Every twenty miles they needed to protect travelers and provide a place to get a hot meal and a place to sleep at night. The yams were part hotel, part postShow MoreRelatedHow Did the Mongols Accomplish the Conquest of Such a Large Territory Within Such a Short Period of Time?899 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesa powerful alliance that built the largest empire the world has ever seen. The Mongolian empire reached great in size in such a short period of time. This was basically because of the sturdy Mongol a rmy and many efficient policies the Khan family established. The Mongols were very knowledgeable in military tactics. There empire had a strong sense of unity, helping the empire get so great so rapidly. There allies also contributed to the Mongolian empire. By the time of Chinggis Khans death in 1227Read MoreMongols, Ruthless Killers, Rapists, Conquers896 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagestopics discussing Mongolians. The descriptors are restated or reinforced when discussing Mongol leader Genghis Khan (1162-1227), a ruthless ruler and ferocious conqueror, that concurred the most land of any other empire in history of mankind. Genghis KhanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s success was to his exceptional leadership and intellect, which led him to rise from a young and poor nomad abandoned by his tribe to one of the greatest military leaders in history. Genghis Khan, the man that showed the Mongolian might to the wholeRead MoreKh The Powerful And Efficacious General That Khan1401 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesat first disorganised and chaotic, separated into warring clans that were politically fragmented. These tribal confederacies constantly struggled and battled one another for dominance and to survive, but their greatest leader, and soon-to-be military official, would soon bring their empire to eminence and lasting infamy. They rose to power under the strong leadership of Kublai Khan. The powerful and efficacious general that Khan undoubtedly was, his led his troops to countless illustrious victoriesRead MoreGenghis Kh History, Warriors, And Tradition1072 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesknown as Genghis Khan. He was one of the most influential war minds in history and at the time of his death, the Mongolian empire stretched from China through the Middle East and into Eastern Europe, making Mongolia the largest empire of all time. Genghis KahnÃ¢â‚ ¬â„¢s influence is evident throughout the entire world. Author Jack Weatherford said it best Ã¢â‚¬Å"Genghis Khan shaped the modern world of commerce, Communication, and large secular states more than any other individual.Ã¢â‚¬ (267). This will come to beRead MoreMarco Polo s : Interpretive Analysis977 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesMarco Polo in China: Interpretive Analysis Although Marco Polo started out as a humble merchant from Venice, he eventually developed a reputation as one of the worldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s greatest explorers (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marco PoloÃ¢â‚¬ ). He was much more than just a trader however, providing the Western world with detailed accounts of the foreign society that was Medieval China under the Mongol conquest. These accounts would later become invaluable to historians for centuries to come. Written in ca. 1270 CE, the document titledRead MoreAn Old Day Passes, A New Day Arrives985 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesC.E. In Persia, Turkish nomads began to settle on the outskirts of the Abbasid Empire. By engaging in Persian trade, enlisting in the Abbasid army, being enslaved and integrated into lower culture, and moving into Abbasid proper, the Turks were eventually able to dominate the culture within Persia (Bentley, 357). The recognition of Tughril Beg of the Saljuq marked the beginning of Turkish rule over the Abbasid Empire. The early Turks in Persia had been converted to Islam and with their new influenceRead MoreGenghis Khan And The Great Khan Of The Mongol Empire1701 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pages Genghis Khan was the founder and the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He united many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia and secured more land than any other conqueror in history. Genghis Khan and the Mongolians were a leading force that molded much of Eurasia. He was born into poverty, and experienced the death of his father at a very young age. Genghis Khan eventually brought improvements to warfa re, technology, and tribal relations in his attempt to establish a route to the Silk Road.Read MoreGenghis Khan And The Mongol Empire Essay1578 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesother empires you have studied this semester? Under the rule of Genghis Khan and his successors during the 13th and 14th centuries (between the years 1206-1368), the Mongol Empire, with a military force of unparalleled strength, succeeded in unifying large regions in order to establish new economies and create the largest contiguous land empire in history. By having a democracy similarly present within the Roman Empire and adopting a structure comparable to the satraps of the Persian Empire, theRead More Genhis Khan The Great Essay1611 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesbarbaric people ever, yet he ruled fairly. He gave his enemies one simple choice: surrender and be enslaved, or die. By consistently enforcing discipline, rewarding skill and allegiance, and punishing those who opposed him, he established a vast empire. His empire was far greater than Alexander the Great. Meet the man behind the myths, the incomparable Genghis Khan. Yisugei was relived after his son, Temujin was born. The chief thought that the boy was going to be a worthy successor to his throne. TemujinRead MoreAnalysis Of Genghis Khan And The Making Of The Modern World Essay1505 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesCharette History 101 November 3, 2016 The Greatest Empire to Ever Exist The Mongolians had such a strong and powerful empire that made a great impact throughout history. Through the novel Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, which was written by Jack Weatherford we learn many aspects that assisted the Mongol empire into building the largest contiguous empire to ever exist. The Mongolian empire began at around 1200 A.D. and throughout the empires very long and fairly large existence, there

Saturday, May 9, 2020

Medical Ethics And Ethics Regarding Medical Marijuana

RESEARCH PAPER Medical Ethics Ethics Regarding Medical Marijuana by Sowmya Kondapuram Medical ethics is a system of morals and values that apply judgments to the practice of medicine. Medical ethics mainly deals with behavior of physician and the decisions they have to make rather than how to treat patients. Physicians face these kind of questions and dilemmas often. Simply put ethics in medicine is about making decisions that are moral and just. Medicine is both science and an art, where science implies physicians to recognize signs of illness, treat or cure the patients and art involves making right decisions in ethical situations. Medical Ethics: All doctors take a certain oath or pledge before taking up on their career. They take up the following oaths - Ã¯â€š · Pledge to consecrate their life to service of humans. Ã¯â€š · Will respect their patients. Ã¯â€š · Practice their profession with conscience and dignity. Ã¯â€š · Health of patient would be their primary importance. Ã¯â€š · Main autonomy by protecting the secrets of the patients. Ã¯â€š · Not permit age, race, social status, disease, nationality or any other factor to falter their decisions. Ã¯â€š · Respect for human life. Ã¯â€š · Will behave professionally at all times. Non-Rational Approaches to Ethical Issues: Ã¯â€š · Obedience, a common way of making ethical decisions. Generally agreeing to the patients consents, following the rules fall under this approach. Ã¯â€š · Imitation, following up a superior and taking decisions based on these role models. Making EthicalShow MoreRelatedÃ¢â‚¬Å"When Your Conscience Says Law Is Immoral, DonT Follow1038 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesJack Kevorkian seems to resonate deeply with the proponents of legalizing marijuana use, despite it originally referring to assisted suicide. The legalization of marijuana use had become one of the biggest hot button issues of the last decade, and is being fiercely debated across the United States. First made illegal in 1970 with the passing of the Controlled Substances Act, which declared it an addictive drug with no medical value, many are now fighting against this law, citing medicinal uses andRead MoreLegalizing Marijuan A Utilitarian Perspective1618 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective Whitney T. Hall SOC120: Ethic and Social Responsibility Tim Carter May 7, 2012 Legalizing Marijuana: A Utilitarian Perspective The legalization of marijuana in the United States remains a major issue and has caused much controversy due to opposing views. With the economy being in the state that it is, we need to utilize all available resources and set aside personal emotion regarding Ã¢â‚¬Å"smoking weedÃ¢â‚¬ . While some support decriminalizationRead MoreThe Role Of A Nurse Practitioner As An Advocate And Teacher1380 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesdiagnosing and treating patients. The primary healthcare nurse practitioner (PHCNP) represents a Ã¢â‚¬Å"unique form of change agent for delivering services differently in a manner giving primacy to health and human complexity while delivering primary care medical services as a means of increasing and maintaining accessÃ¢â‚¬ (Kooienga Carryer, 2015, p. 806). APNs have emerged as advocates for their community and must rely on evidence-based practice to ensure that they provide quality service. Educating patientsRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana2983 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 12 PagesDecem ber 3, 2012 The topic of marijuana has been a big topic for the past few years. The United States considers marijuana as a drug, in some other countries they say it is a natural herb that is grown from the ground. The issue at hand is Ã¢â‚¬Å"should marijuana be legalized?Ã¢â‚¬ the congress of the US stay in a constant debate on this subject. Why is the subject of marijuana such in high demand, if the US already considers it a drug? There are many facts that need to be looked at before a finalRead MoreAn Analysis Of An Ethical Dilemma Using The Doing Ethics Technique Essay2122 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 9 PagesDoing Ethics Technique TITLE An analysis of an ethical dilemma using the Doing Ethics Technique (DET) SUB TITLE NAME Stewart Armstrong STUDENT ID 11206102 EMAIL CONTACT stewart@thearmstrongs.net December 2015 Table of Contents 1. The Analysis 3 2. The Reference List 7 Ã¢â‚¬Æ' 1. The Analysis There is more public support for marijuana law reform than ever before with new polls showing more than half the country is in favor of legalizing marijuana. TheRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana Essay2617 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Michelle Shepard Soc 120 July 16, 2012 Danielle Camacho There is no denying that the drug problem in our country today has reached an epidemic proportion. The problem has gotten so out of hand that many options are being considered to control and or solve it. Trying to end the drug war may not seen to be the best answer in the beginning, but those so-called wars on drugs have not been very successful at stopping the drug wars. I feel that there should be some differentRead MoreMy Opinion On The Class Survey879 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagesmajor numerically is nursing. Therefore, the combination of the two signifies that the greater percentage of our class plans to go to medical school. Of course medical school is very expensive, hence showing a majority of 48% that plan on withdrawing loans and becoming a student borrow in upcoming years. So the average member of this class is likely to be a medical student. Other questions in the career/college realm include our expected salary, which was responded as Ã¢â‚¬Å"around 80,000Ã¢â‚¬ by 44%, and th atRead MoreA Public Servant As Someone Who Is Employed By The Government Essay835 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 PagesMunicipal Court Law. According to the Alabama league of Municipalities, there are continues legal education requirements for Municipal Judges. They are required to complete a minimum of six hours of judicial education. This also includes one hour of ethics that related to municipal court practice and procedure. New appointed municipal judges are also required to complete six hours of judicial education but within that one year of their appointment (Ã¢â‚¬Å"ALMÃ¢â‚¬ ,n.p., para 1) Salaries of municipal court judgesRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: A Controversial Research Topic3448 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 14 PagesÃ¯ » ¿LegalizationÃ‚ MarijuanaÃ‚ Table of Contents Marketing of Two Brands based on Consumer Buying Behavior Models 3 History/Background 3 Different forms of Marijuana/how is it integrated 6 Long term health issues if any 7 Arguments for Legalization 9 Arguments against legalization 10 Other Countries approaches to legalization of marijuana 11 What is your position on this issue and why 11 References 12 Marketing of Two Brands based on Consumer Buying Behavior Models History/Background Read MoreIt Has Been Widely Speculated By Many Concerned American988 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagescontinuously cost the government and hard working tax paying Americans money. Additionally, Sessions implied that the act unfairly caters to certain children, and he asserted that this ongoing predicament has ensued the rapid impoverishment of classroom ethics and productivity. The Americans with Disabilities Restoration act was passed nine years ago in 2008 and it reinforced the integrity and necessity of the original A.D.A. act, which beforehand was frequently being destabilized in court proceedings.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper Free Essays

Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper The student learning outcome I chose to research is the relationship between the development of oral language and the development of literacy. These are in the InTASC standards 1,2,4,5, and 8. Oral Language is the listening and speaking part of communication and is a process that develops naturally. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The roots of oral language are listening, speaking, opportunities for conversation, and vocabulary development. Oral language development and vocabulary are directly linked to reading comprehension. As a teacher it will be your job to provide opportunities and support for students to develop their oral language. Oral Language lays the foundation for reading comprehension. Students have to be able to understand language at the oral level in order to be expected to understand it at the text level. If a student can only understand a 6 word sentence orally then they will only be able to understand those 6 words they read in a book. Oral language begins very early. Even before babies can say words they begin to coo and make sounds that develop into words. Parents should talk to babies and tell them the names of objects. Encouraging babies to say syllabus and repetitive sounds like Ã¢â‚¬Å"mamaÃ¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"dadaÃ¢â‚¬ are great ways to begin oral development. If I child never hears any words or language spoken to them then how can they ever be expected to speak that language. As a teacher you should incorporate the following into your classroom to encourage oral language development; engage children in extended conversations, encourage children to tell and retell stories and events, discuss a wide range of topics and word meanings, use new and unusual words, ask open-ended questions, encourage language play. Some things for students to do to develop their oral language are; explore and experiment with language, name and describe objects in the classroom, ask and answer why, who, what, when, where and how questions, hear good models of language use, and discuss topics of interest. Oral vocabulary is key when a beginning reader makes the transition from oral to written forms. Between grades 1 and 3, it is estimated that economically disadvantaged studentsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ vocabularies increase by about 3,000 words per year and middle-class studentsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ vocabularies increase by about 5,000 words per year. As a teacher you should recognize which of your students have a less environmentally rich home life and compensate for that. Also you should be aware of students that are not from English speaking homes. If the only place a student hears and reads English is at school, they are going to develop their vocabulary slower than a student who hears the language both at home and school. (Kieffer 146-157) Oral language and the development of literacy are interconnected and inextricably linked. Students need an environment which engages them in the literary practices of their community in which they live, interact and learn. The relationship, then, is between everyday talk and literary language. For example, small children will mimic its parents gesturing. I can not state enough that oral language and literacy greatly compliment each other as a child develops their communication skills. In our schools teachers teach children to read and write by listening for the sounds in words and predicting the letters that are used to make those sounds. Sound-symbol relationship and phonemic awareness are very important developments for young children to be successful with the literacy curriculum. Children learn to understand and verbally express language at a very rapid pace, beginning with their first moments of life. Literacy development is obviously not expected from children until they enter school. Like oral language, there is a wide range of Ã¢â‚¬Å"normalcyÃ¢â‚¬ when it comes to the age a child will reach each milestone. Basically, each domain supports the other. Children whose articulation is poor often improve greatly when they are able to read, as the letters help them learn to produce the correct sounds and to sequence them appropriately. Likewise, children who have a good vocabulary and are good at spoken language will often become very successful readers. According to an article I found Ã¢â‚¬Å"key principles that were applied in the study to enable the development of a community of practice focused on information literacy integration. These principles can be summarized as: 1. nowledge is socially constructed and the social nature of cognitive development serves as a powerful dialogic model for understanding how IL could be integrated into the curriculum in a community of practice; 2. tools play an important role in these social interactions in curriculum integration; 3. internalization can serve as a powerful model when data is generated and analyzed using this research approach. Ã¢â‚¬ (Dawkins , and OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Neill 294-307) Reading co mprehension depends on language abilities that have been developing since birth. Basic vocabulary and grammar are clearly essential to comprehension because each enables understanding of words and their interrelationships in and across individual sentences in a text. However, children who comprehend well go beyond word and sentence comprehension to construct a representation of the situation or state of affairs described by the text. In some theories, this is referred to as a mental model and it involves organizing a textÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s multiple ideas into an integrated whole, using both information from the text and the readerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own world knowledge. To do this, successful comprehend draw upon a set of higher-level cognitive and linguistic skills, including inferencing, monitoring comprehension, and using text structure knowledge. Take the following story for example: Ã¢â‚¬Å"Johnny carried a jug of water. He tripped on a step. Mom grabbed the mop. Ã¢â‚¬ The literal representation of the individual words and sentences does not enable the reader to integrate their meanings and construct a mental model. Successful comprehenders understand narrative structure and couple it with their knowledge to infer that Johnny spilled the water. They then understand why Mom grabbed a mop. They also monitor their comprehension of stories-either written or spoken-and realize the need to make an inference that Johnny spilled the water to make sense of MomÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s response. (Justice, Guo, Kaderavek, and Dobbs-Oates 420-429) Literacy refers to the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently, and think critically about the written word. So lets think about this situation as an example of how oral language and literacy are connected. A student who is born in Mexico moves to the United States during 1st grade. Would you expect this student to read or write English? Of course not! So if this student came to your school never even having heard English would you just give them a book with only English words and no pictures and expect them to read it? Defiantly not! Would you give them a piece of paper and pen and expect them to write what they want in English? No way! Would you talk in normal sentences and expect a correct English reply? I hope not! So what would you do? Well having done research I would first find a student who also knows Spanish so that they can communicate and the new student wont feel alone. Students need to feel safe and comfortable in able to learn. Learning the letters is one of the next steps I would take in teaching the student to read, write and speak English. Saying the sound and pointing to the written letter then having the student trace the letter and say the sound. See how the oral and written process work together? They are both a process that are always developing. As humans we are always learning new words and vocabulary. I hope this paper has taught you a little bit about what I have learned about oral language and literacy development. This is a big point that I have learned a lot about this semester. I never really thought about how much the two are related until I started to research it and found so many different articles. I donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t think anyone can really argue that the two are not related. Just look at your own life and how you first learned to talk and read. Look at things in this class for example. We have learned vocabulary words not familiar to us. We were shown these words and told how they are pronounced so that now you can recognize the word in text and also pronounce the word when talking. Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper How to cite Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper, Essays

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